Q:
能介绍一些国外的目前关于高速PCB设计水平、加工能力、加工水平、加工材质以及相关的技术书籍和资料吗?
A:
现在高速数字电路的应用有通信网路和计算机等相关领域。在通信网路方面,PCB板的工作频率已达GHz上下,迭层数就我所知有到40层之多。计算机相关应用也因为芯片的进步,无论是一般的PC或服务器(Server),板子上的最高工作频率也已经达到400MHz (如Rambus) 以上。因应这高速高密度走线需求,盲埋孔(blind/buried vias)、mircrovias及build-up制程工艺的需求也渐渐越来越多。 这些设计需求都有厂商可大量生产。
以下提供几本不错的技术书籍:
1.Howard W. Johnson,“High-Speed Digital Design C A Handbook of Black Magic”;
2.Stephen H. Hall,“High-Speed Digital System Design”;
3.Brian Yang,“Digital Signal Integrity”;
Q:
why the wien bridge can only be balanced at one frequency? even if the ratio of coupled resistors is varied
A:
The operation principle of Wien bridge oscillator is positive feedback mechanism. The transfer function (or gain) of the Wien bridge oscillator (in Laplace transform) is Af(s)=A(s)/[1-A(s)B(s)], which A(s) is open loop gain of amplifier and B(s) is the gain of feedback network. To oscillate spontaneously, the Af(s) must approach to infinity which implies denominator is zero. That is, the product of A(s) and B(s) need to be equal to 1. Due to the frequency dependence of A(s)B(s), there is only one frequency can make the denominator to be zero. That is why the Wien bridge only balance at one frequency. The oscillation frequency is determined by the resistors and capacitors in the positive feedback path, f=1/[2πsqrt(R1C1R2C2)], where R1, C1, R2, C2 are the components in the positive feedback path. The components on negative feedback path are nothing to do with the oscillation frequency. The other intuitive insight to this concept of balancing at one frequency is to treat the network of positive feedback path as a frequency selector. There are a high-pass filter formed by a series capacitor with a grounded resistor and a low-pass filter formed by a series resistor with a grounded capacitor. The total effect is similar to a bandpass filter. There is a website to address this concept: http://www.interq.or.jp/japan/se-inoue/e_ckt18_2.htm#2
Q:
一个系统往往分成若干个PCB,有电源、接口、主板等,各板之间的地线往往各有互连,导致形成许许多多的环路,产生诸如低频环路噪声,不知这个问题如何解决?
A:
各个PCB板子相互连接之间的信号或电源在动作时,例如A板子有电源或信号送到B板子,一定会有等量的电流从地层流回到A板子 (此为Kirchoff current law)。这地层上的电流会找阻抗最小的地方流回去。所以,在各个不管是电源或信号相互连接的接口处,分配给地层的管脚数不能太少,以降低阻抗,这样可以降低地层上的噪声。另外,也可以分析整个电流环路,尤其是电流较大的部分,调整地层或地线的接法,来控制电流的走法(例如,在某处制造低阻抗,让大部分的电流从这个地方走),降低对其它较敏感信号的影响。